Table of Contents of Knowledge Representation

1. Logic

1.1 Historical Background   1

1.2 Representing Knowledge in Logic   11

1.3 Varieties of Logic   18

1.4 Names, Types, and Measures   29

1.5 Unity Amidst Diversity   39

2. Ontology

2.1 Ontological Categories   51

2.2 Philosophical Background   55

2.3 Top-Level Categories   67

2.4 Describing Physical Entities   78

2.5 Defining Abstractions   89

2.6 Sets, Collections, Types, and Categories   97

2.7 Space and Time   109

3. Knowledge Representations

3.1 Knowledge Engineering   132

3.2 Representing Structure in Frames   143

3.3 Rules and Data   156

3.4 Object-Oriented Systems   169

3.5 Natural Language Semantics   178

3.6 Levels of Representation   186

4. Processes

4.1 Times, Events, and Situations   206

4.2 Classification of Processes   213

4.3 Procedures, Processes, and Histories   217

4.4 Concurrent Processes   223

4.5 Computation   232

4.6 Constraint Satisfaction   239

4.7 Change   245

5. Purposes, Contexts, and Agents

5.1 Purpose   265

5.2 Syntax of Contexts   274

5.3 Semantics of Contexts   284

5.4 First-Order Reasoning in Contexts   297

5.5 Modal Reasoning in Contexts   307

5.6 Encapsulating Objects in Contexts   321

5.7 Agents   330

6. Knowledge Soup

6.1 Vagueness, Uncertainty, Randomness, and Ignorance   348

6.2 Limitations of Logic   356

6.3 Fuzzy Logic   364

6.4 Nonmonotonic Logic   373

6.5 Theories, Models, and the World   383

6.6 Semiotics   394

7. Knowledge Acquisition and Sharing

7.1 Sharing Ontologies   408

7.2 Conceptual Schema   417

7.3 Accommodating Multiple Paradigms   427

7.4 Relating Different Knowledge Representations   438

7.5 Language Patterns   445

7.6 Tools for Knowledge Acquisition   452

Appendix A: Summary of Notations

A.1 Predicate Calculus   467

A.2 Conceptual Graphs   476

A.3 Knowledge Interchange Format   489

Appendix B: Ontology Base

B.1 Principles of Ontology   492

B.2 Top-Level Categories   497

B.3 Role and Relation Types   502

B.4 Thematic Roles   506

B.5 Placement of the Thematic Roles   510

Appendix C: Extended Examples

C.1 Hotel Reservation System   513

C.2 Library Database   515

C.3 ACE Vocabulary   518

C.4 Translating ACE to Logic   518

Answers to Selected Exercises

Bibliography

Name Index

Subject Index

For more information, see the index and the preface of the book.

Send comments to John F. Sowa.